![]() ![]() Furthermore, the defects that occur during the initial preforming stage of LCM, notably wrinkles, are a key obstacle preventing automation and adoption of LCM, because wrinkles significantly compromise the component performance, and because there is currently no reliable method for mitigating them. However, for the high volume production of composites to be cost-effective, it is needed that they can be manufactured through automated liquid composite moulding (LCM). The necessary lightweighting of the transport sector to meet emission reduction targets can be helped through the expanded use of composites. ![]() While others have posited that semelparous taxa exhibit higher RE than comparable iteroparous taxa, our results indicate this will only occur in limited circumstances: when RE is calculated over the lifespan of a rosette started from seed, semelparous RE is greater when pup mass is accounted for as if it were purely vegetative or when RE is calculated over the lifespan of the genetic individual, semelparous RE is greater when the ratio of vegetative to inflorescence mass in each pup is greater than that of the originating rosette started from seed. We compare multiple definitions of RE in semelparous and iteroparous Bromeliaceae at critical times during development and over the entire reproductive life of the individual. We introduce a dynamic model of vegetative and reproductive growth in long-lived Bromeliaceae rosettes accounting for the allocation of resources over developmental time. Of particular interest is comparing RE between reproductive strategies, such as those in Bromeliaceae: semelparous, where individuals undergo a one-time and subsequently lethal sexual reproductive event, versus iteroparous, where individuals reproduce sexually multiple times by producing clonal offshoots called pups. Quantifying reproductive effort (RE), the trade-off between devoting resources to reproduction versus individual growth, in plants presents a number of challenges. This study presents a good alternative for the classical and expensive Monte Carlo simulations and provides a fundamental understanding of bending and buckling statistics of laminated composites. Probability distribution functions of various stochastic cases provide good assessments for the effects of each inevitable source uncertainty on the bending and buckling behaviors of the laminated composites. Comprehensive probability characteristics of stochastic bending deflections and stochastic critical buckling loads of antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminated composite plates are investigated using the optimal sampling technique. Two stochastic sampling methods, namely Monte Carlo simulation and Latin hypercube sampling, are presented and analyzed to determine the optimal one based on convergence studies and criteria of sampling errors. ![]() Deterministic Navier’s solutions are obtained for specific boundary conditions and numerical results are validated with the first-order and third-order shear deformation theories. Partial differential equations for cross-ply and angle-ply laminates are derived using the three variable refined shear deformation theory based on the Hamilton principle. Deterministic and stochastic bending and buckling characteristics of antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminated composite plates are thoroughly examined. ![]()
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